R290 vs. R32 Heat Pumps: Key Differences and How to Choose the Right Refrigerant

R290 vs. R32 Heat Pumps: Key Differences and How to Choose the Right Refrigerant

Heat pumps play a vital role in modern HVAC systems, providing efficient heating and cooling for homes and businesses. One of the most critical factors in a heat pump’s performance is the refrigerant it uses. Among the many options available, R290 (propane) and R32 stand out as popular choices, each with distinct advantages and limitations.

This guide compares R290 and R32 refrigerants, examining their efficiency, safety, environmental impact, and ideal use cases to help you make an informed decision.

Understanding R290 and R32 Refrigerants

1. R290 (Propane)

• Composition: A hydrocarbon refrigerant (propane) with ultra-low environmental impact.
• Global Warming Potential (GWP): Just 3—one of the lowest among refrigerants.
• Efficiency: High latent heat of vaporization, making it energy-efficient in heat transfer.
• Safety: Highly flammable, requiring strict safety protocols during installation and maintenance.
• Applications: Best for small-to-medium systems, cold climates, and eco-conscious projects.

2. R32

• Composition: A hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant with no ozone depletion potential (ODP).
• Global Warming Potential (GWP): 675—lower than older refrigerants like R410A but higher than R290.
• Efficiency: Higher volumetric cooling capacity, meaning better performance per unit volume.
• Safety: Non-flammable but mildly toxic in high concentrations (classified as A2L).
• Applications: Widely used in residential and commercial air conditioning, especially where energy efficiency is a priority.

Key Differences Between R290 and R32 Heat Pumps

Factor	R290 Heat Pumps	R32 Heat Pumps
Environmental Impact	Extremely low GWP (3), eco-friendly	Moderate GWP (675), but compliant with regulations
Energy Efficiency	High COP in cold climates	Superior cooling efficiency in warmer conditions
Safety	Flammable (requires careful handling)	Non-flammable but slightly toxic (A2L)
Cost	Lower refrigerant cost, but may need specialized equipment	Higher initial cost but long-term energy savings
Noise Levels	Slightly louder due to higher pressures	Quieter operation
Availability	Less common, may have limited parts	Widely available, easier maintenance

Which Refrigerant Is Right for Your Heat Pump?

When to Choose R290

Eco-friendly projects (low GWP)
Cold climate heating (better COP at low temps)
Small-to-medium systems (residential, light commercial)
Budget-conscious installations (lower refrigerant cost)

When to Choose R32

nergy efficiency is a priority (higher cooling capacity)
Warmer climates (maintains performance in heat)
Safety-sensitive environments (non-flammable)
Regulatory compliance (meets F-Gas regulations)